Manual Atlas Copco Ga 11 Ff Manual
/veicomei If you are reading this manual, congratulations! You have already proven your degree of profes-sionalism. Regardless of your situation - as a business person, manufacturing expert, scientist, university student or any person who is eager to learn more about the powerful world of compressed air - it's an honor for us to share this information once again. The previous, sixth edition, was produced in 1998. The fifth edition was published in 1976. As you can see, we've been doing this for decades and we are still continuing the legacy.
This seventh edition of the Atlas Copco Compressed Air. S a m ' z s- c C & O U (/: 4 Economy 6 Appendices 4.1 Cost 102 6.1 The SI system 126 4.1.1 Compressed air production cost 102 6.2 Drawing symbols 128 4.1.1.1 General 102 6.3 Diagrams and tables 130 4.1.1.2 Cost allocation 103 6.4 Compilation of applicable 4.2 Opportunities for saving 103 standards and regulations 4.2.1 Power requirement 103 6.4.1 General 135 4.2.2 Working pressure 103 6.4.2 Standards 135 4.2.3 Air consumption 104 6.4.3 Compilation 135 4.2.4 Regulation method 105 6.4.3.1 Machinery safety 135 4.2.5 Air quality 106 6.4.3.2 Pressure equipment safety 135 4.2.6 Energy recovery 107. 1.1 Physics total mass, since electrons add nearly no mass.
This information can be found on the periodic chart. The electron shell contains the same number of electrons as there are protons in the nucleus. This means that an atom is generally electrically neutral. The Danish physicist, Niels Bohr, introduced a build-up model of an atom in 1913.
He demon-strated that atoms can only occur in a so called stationary state and with a determined energy. If the atom transforms from one energy state into another, a radiation quantum is emitted. This is known as a photon. These different transitions are. Actual pressure The explanation as to why cp is greater than cV is the expansion work that the gas at a constant pressure must perform. The ratio between cp and cV is called the isentropic exponent or adiabatic expo-nent, K, and is a function of the number of atoms in the molecules of the substance.
The SI unit for volume rate of flow is m3/s. However, the unit liter/second (l/s) is also fre-quently used when referring to the volume rate of flow (also called the capacity) of a compressor.
It is either stated as Normal liter/second (Nl/s) or as free air delivery (l/s). With Nl/s the air. Thus, heat is a form of energy that can be generated from or converted into work.
The second law of Thermodynamics states that there is a tendency in nature to proceed toward a state of greater molecular disorder. Entropy is a measure of disorder: Solid crystals, the most regularly structured form of matter, have very low entropy values. Gases, which are more highly dis-organized, have high entropy values. The potential energy of isolated energy systems that is available to perform work decreases with increasing entropy. The Second Law of Thermo-dynamics states that heat can never of. For a clean, flat wall the relation below applies: 1.3.4.1 Isochoric process Heating a gas in a cylinder with a constant load on the piston is an example of the isobaric process at constant pressure. Q = mxcpX(T2-T1) Q = quantity of heat (J) m = mass (kg) cp = specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg x K) T = absolute temperature (K) 1.3.4.3 Isothermal process 1.3.4.4 Isentropic process 1:7 p 1:10 p 2 isentropic 1 V2 V1 V k ai ׀ ai p j, a2 = heat transfer coefficient on each side of the wall (W/m2 x K) d = thickness of the wall (m) X = thermal conductivity for the wall (W/m x K) k = total heat.
1.3.5 Gas flow through a nozzle The gas flow through a nozzle dpends on the pressure ratio on the respective sides of the nozzle. If the pressure after the nozzle is lowered, the flow increases. It only does so, however, until its pressure has reached half of the pressure before the nozzle. A further reduction of the pressure after the opening does not bring about an increase in flow. This is the critical pressure ratio and it is dependent on the isentropic exponent (k) of the particular gas. The critical pressure ratio also occurs when the flow velocity is equal to the sonic velocity in the nozzle's.
1.5 Types of compressors Compressors Displacement 1:14 Dynamic 1.5.1 Two basic principles There are two generic principles for the compression of air (or gas): positive displacement compresͭsion and dynamic compression. Positive displacement compressors include, for example, reciprocating (piston) compressors, orbital (scroll) compressors and different types of rotary compressors (screw, tooth, vane). In positive displacement compression, the air is drawn into one or more compression chambers, which are then closed from the inlet. Gradually the volume of each chamber decreases and the air is compressed. 22 23 the valves can not fully open and close without a minimal delay, which results in a pressure drop when the gas flows through the channels. The gas is also heated when flowing into the cylinder as a consequence of this design.
Atlas Copco Ga 11
Compression work with isothermal compression: Pi Compression work with isentropic compression: W=Ap2V2-pxVx) K- W = compression work (J) p1 = initial pressure (Pa) V1 = initial volume (m3) p2 = final pressure (Pa) K = isentropic exponent: K 1,3 - 1,4 These relations show that more work is required for isentropic compression than for isothermal compression. 24 25 1.6 Electricity n 1:20 1:22 Time = Iperiod = 1/50 sec Uh Uh Uf Uh ) Uf lu, 1-phas s 7 Ait L Uh J Uh Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 ' 0 Neutral wire Voltage 325 V 230 0 230 325 V Peak-value 1.6.1 Basic terminology and dfinitions Electricity is the result of lectrons being separated temporarily from protons, thereby creating a dif驭ference in electric potential (or voltage) between the area with excess electrons and the area with a shortage of electrons. When electrons find an electrically-conductive path to move along, electric current flows. The first electric applications made use of Direct Current. Tous les catalogues et brochures techniques Atlas Copco Compresseurs.
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Manual Atlas Copco Ga 11 Ff Manuale
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